Period between 453-1453

During the period from 453 to 1453, advances in accounting continue , including assistants. However, for [Gertz, 1996], the books of Francisco Dating (1366-1400 ne) show the image of a double entry accounting that involves, for the first time, patrimonial accounts proper; In fact, since the Profit and Loss account had been invented, the problem of merchants of this period had been solved by not being able to carry their merchandise in a single account due to the fact that these effects had, logically, two prices. Of cost of acquisition and of sale, resulting in that the obtained profit made the account of Caja with a difference in the entries of income and expenses,

This accounting also shows the innovation that opened and closed operations biannually with a financial statement where the assets of the economic unit were clearly stipulated, informing the results of the operations as the individual participation of the partners, which determined Of the balance of the personal accounts that was taken to each partner of the own company.

XV century

Up to the fifteenth century and with it two great events: the generalization of Arabic numerals and the printing press that would bring accounting, as well as other sciences, into a stage of disclosure. It dates from that time the book "Della mercapturic et the mercantile perfecto", whose author was Benedetto Cuttingly Range , who finished of writing the 25 of August of 1458 , and was published in 1573 .

The book, although it touches on accounting very briefly, clearly explains the identity of the double item, the use of three books: the Notebook (Large), Girona (Journal) and Memorial (Draft), states that They will do in the Journal and from there they will pass to the Major, who will have an index of accounts to facilitate their search, and that the situation of the company must be verified every year and to elaborate a "Balanchine"; The losses and profits that it throws will be taken to Capital, it also speaks of the necessity to carry a book copier of letters (Libro de Acta’s).

However, it is the Venetian monk Friar Lucas Piccioli , who in his book "Summa", published in 1494 , refers to the accounting method, which was known thereafter as "A lea Venetian". In a detailed way he touches on the accounting theme and makes the first publication with the aim of disseminating knowledge of accounting, synthesizing accounting principles that still exist today, and also broadens the information on business practices: companies, sales, interests, Change, etc., then in other countries there would be publications that would expand the subject.

XIX century

It comes the nineteenth century , and with it the Code Napoleon ( 1808 ), begins the Industrial Revolution, Adam Smith and David Ricardo , cast the roots of liberalism, accounting begins to make changes in form and content , under the name of "Principles Accounting ", in 1887 he founded the" American Association of Public Accountants "before, in 1854 " the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland "in 1880 " the Institute of Chartered Accountants of England and Wales ", similar bodies are constituted France In 1881 ,Austria in 1885 , Holland in 1895 , Germany in 1896 .

In the last century and in the wake of the crisis of the 1930s in the United States , the American Institute of Public Accountants organized academic and practical groupings to assess the situation. This led to the first principles of accounting, Others with modifications. Also, the crisis, gave rise to the change of the "Certification" by the "Opinions" of the Financial Statements.